IN ancient up to Biblical times, even in non-Indo-European cultures like China’s, the folk believed that the sins of the rulers were visited upon their children—and their innocent peoples.

There is both some theological and temporal basis to this. A ruler—and his ministers-- who behave toward God according to what they ought to do will continue to be blessed. Not necessarily with good weather, rich harvests and strong armies but often with the wisdom and prudence to save their realms from the worst natural calamities and wicked invaders. For they could mobilize their people effectively. The good rulers also had the wisdom and prudence to advance the well-being of the people and the kingdom in good times.

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