FROM the time Asiatic Squadron commanded by US Commodore George Dewey landed in Manila in what nationalist historians considered a mock battle at the bay, to the day that US warships left the Philippines after America’s bases closed in 1992, the US military left behind tens of hundreds of thousands of children born to Filipino mothers.

While some of these children have photos of their fathers, most only have their mother’s memories of the affair or relationship that gave birth to a potential US citizenship claim: they are aware they have US citizen fathers, but they are not US citizens.

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