Across societies that are free, there is this belief that one’s station in life is not shaped by genetic determinism. Plus the belief that opportunities are limitless for those with drive and talent—with some lucky breaks. After all, free societies with universal education and the safety nets are supposed to thrive with “up-from-the-bootstrap” narratives.
In these societies, the mantra is that for those determined to scale the ladder of upward mobility, for those who aim to rise in the world, it is not the surname, the one passed on to you by your forefathers, that counts. Rather, it is the talent, the drive and the determination to succeed. Very much like the “Sipag at Tiyaga” spiel of former presidential candidate Manny Villar.
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